Antique Persian Rugs

Persian Malayer Oriental

Sphinx Persian 6' Round Rug by Oriental Weavers $299 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this round rug from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 6'Diam. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Persian 8' Round Rug by Oriental Weavers $588 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this round rug from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 8'Diam. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

J and D Oriental Rug R361 Persian Rug $438.75 JD Oriental Rugs Co. is a 3rd generation wholesaler of antique and semiantique oriental rugs from all over the world. The inventory consists of antique and semiantique decorative carpets in all different sizes whether it be oversizes runners or small mats. Antique carpets have a history of more than 2 500 years. This art form carries a sense of tradition from a country which has a very rich and powerful history. The skill and thought dedicated to each of these carpets adds a unique character to each piece. To trace the history of Antique carpets is to follow a path of cultural growth in one of the greatest civilizations the world has ever known. The element of luxury with which an Oriental carpet is associated today provides a marked contrast with its humble beginning among the nomadic tribes. Then it was an article of necessity to protect the tribes from the bitterly cold winters of the country. Although cotton was used for the warp and weft of the carpet wool became the basic weaving material for carpets. This material as well as silk are still used today to weave authentic Persian carpets. A key feature in making the carpets is the bright colors used to form the intricate designs and patterns. . Size: 2.3 x 2.8 . Type: Persian. Category: Square Small. Woven: Hand Knotted.

Sphinx Persian Elegance 10' x 12'7 Rug by Oriental Weavers $1099 Lay out a lovely look for any room with this Sphinx Persian Elegance rug by Oriental Weavers. Power loomed from dense material, it features a traditional allover design highlighted by a solid color background. An ivory band accents its intricately designed border. Superb for all types of decor with its old-world patterns and updated color. No fringe. Measures 10' x 12'7". 100% polypropylene. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Persian Elegance 7'10 x 11' Rug by Oriental Weavers $749 Lay out a lovely look for any room with this Sphinx Persian Elegance rug by Oriental Weavers. Power loomed from dense material, it features a traditional allover design highlighted by a solid color background. An ivory band accents its intricately designed border. Superb for all types of decor with its old-world patterns and updated color. No fringe. Measures 7'10" x 11'. 100% polypropylene. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Persian 5'3 x 7'9 Rug by Oriental Weavers $349 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this rug from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 5'3" x 7'9". Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Persian 7'10 x 11' Rug by Oriental Weavers $749 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this rug from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 7'10" x 11'. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Imperial Persian 10' x 12'7 Rug by Oriental Weavers $1099 Old-world styling meets modern-day design in this Sphinx Imperial Persian rug by Oriental Weavers. A striking border of ivory encircles a solid background--the epitome of luxury for your decor. Powerloomed from dense polypropylene. No fringe. Measures 10' x 12'7". 100% polypropylene. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Imperial Persian 6' Round Rug by Oriental Weavers $299 Old-world styling meets modern-day design in this Sphinx Imperial Persian round rug by Oriental Weavers. A striking border of ivory encircles a solid background--the epitome of luxury for your decor. Powerloomed from dense polypropylene. No fringe. Measures 6'Diam. 100% polypropylene. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Imperial Persian 7'10 x 11' Rug by Oriental Weavers $749 Old-world styling meets modern-day design in this Sphinx Imperial Persian rug by Oriental Weavers. A striking border of ivory encircles a solid background--the epitome of luxury for your decor. Powerloomed from dense polypropylene. No fringe. Measures 7'10" x 11'. 100% polypropylene. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Persian 4' x 6' Rug by Oriental Weavers $199 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this rug from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 4' x 6'. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Persian 10' x 12'7 Rug by Oriental Weavers $1099 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this rug from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 10' x 12'7". Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

J D Oriental Rug 5403 Persian Saraband Rug $1491.75 JD Oriental Rugs Co. is a 3rd generation wholesaler of antique and semiantique oriental rugs from all over the world. The inventory consists of antique and semiantique decorative carpets in all different sizes whether it be oversizes runners or small mats. Antique carpets have a history of more than 2 500 years. This art form carries a sense of tradition from a country which has a very rich and powerful history. The skill and thought dedicated to each of these carpets adds a unique character to each piece. To trace the history of Antique carpets is to follow a path of cultural growth in one of the greatest civilizations the world has ever known. The element of luxury with which an Oriental carpet is associated today provides a marked contrast with its humble beginning among the nomadic tribes. Then it was an article of necessity to protect the tribes from the bitterly cold winters of the country. Although cotton was used for the warp and weft of the carpet wool became the basic weaving material for carpets. This material as well as silk are still used today to weave authentic Persian carpets. A key feature in making the carpets is the bright colors used to form the intricate designs and patterns. . Size: 4.2 x 6.6 . Type: Saraband. Category: Persian. Woven: Hand Knotted.

J and D Oriental Rug 4517 N.W. Persian Rug $526.5 JD Oriental Rugs Co. is a 3rd generation wholesaler of antique and semiantique oriental rugs from all over the world. The inventory consists of antique and semiantique decorative carpets in all different sizes whether it be oversizes runners or small mats. Antique carpets have a history of more than 2 500 years. This art form carries a sense of tradition from a country which has a very rich and powerful history. The skill and thought dedicated to each of these carpets adds a unique character to each piece. To trace the history of Antique carpets is to follow a path of cultural growth in one of the greatest civilizations the world has ever known. The element of luxury with which an Oriental carpet is associated today provides a marked contrast with its humble beginning among the nomadic tribes. Then it was an article of necessity to protect the tribes from the bitterly cold winters of the country. Although cotton was used for the warp and weft of the carpet wool became the basic weaving material for carpets. This material as well as silk are still used today to weave authentic Persian carpets. A key feature in making the carpets is the bright colors used to form the intricate designs and patterns. . Size: 1.6 x 1.6 . Type: N.W. Persian. Category: Small. Woven: Hand Knotted.

J and D Oriental Rug 7348 Runner N.W. Persian $965.25 JD Oriental Rugs Co. is a 3rd generation wholesaler of antique and semiantique oriental rugs from all over the world. The inventory consists of antique and semiantique decorative carpets in all different sizes whether it be oversizes runners or small mats. Antique carpets have a history of more than 2 500 years. This art form carries a sense of tradition from a country which has a very rich and powerful history. The skill and thought dedicated to each of these carpets adds a unique character to each piece. To trace the history of Antique carpets is to follow a path of cultural growth in one of the greatest civilizations the world has ever known. The element of luxury with which an Oriental carpet is associated today provides a marked contrast with its humble beginning among the nomadic tribes. Then it was an article of necessity to protect the tribes from the bitterly cold winters of the country. Although cotton was used for the warp and weft of the carpet wool became the basic weaving material for carpets. This material as well as silk are still used today to weave authentic Persian carpets. A key feature in making the carpets is the bright colors used to form the intricate designs and patterns. . Size: 3.6 x 9 . Type: N.W. Persian. Category: Runner.

How to Identify Persian Rugs and Other Oriental Rugs $46.09 This classic, historical book provides instruction on the facts necessary to enable the reader to identify any typical specimen of the better known classes of Oriental rugs. It gives diverse direction on classification with regard to their type, their age and their value. Despite its age this book contains much information that is still practical and useful today. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork. Author: May, C. J. Delabere Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 178 Publication Date: 2009/07/24 Language: English Dimensions: 5.51 x 8.50 x 0.40 inches

Sphinx Persian 2'3 x 7'9 Runner by Oriental Weavers $159 Traditional elegance with a subtle sophistication best describes this runner from Sphinx by Oriental Weavers. Intricate Persian designs are elegantly displayed atop an antiqued field with a border of equaled beauty. The color palette of 36 colors includes reds, greens, browns, and plums that vary from soft to deep tones. Rectangular rug pictured to display pattern. Powerloomed of 100% inherently stain-resistant heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 2'3" x 7'9". Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly with mild soap and water. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Antique Persian 7'10 x 11' Rug by Oriental Weavers $749 Transform any room with the rich distinction of this traditional Sphinx Antique Persian rug by Oriental Weavers. Floral interpretations adorn the field and border with detailed designs, while an arbrash effect creates an enthralling display of alternating shades within the background color. Rich reds in the field and lush sages in the border complement the ivories, golds, and bursts of blues in the design. A washed effect gives this rug a delicately aged appearance for an authentic old-world look. Serged sides. No fringe. Powerloomed of 100% cross-woven, inherently stain-resistant, heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 7'10" x 11'. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Rug pads recommended. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Antique Persian 8' Round Rug by Oriental Weavers $599 Transform any room with the rich distinction of this traditional Sphinx Antique Persian rug by Oriental Weavers. Floral interpretations adorn the field and border with detailed designs, while an arbrash effect creates an enthralling display of alternating shades within the background color. Rich reds in the field and lush sages in the border complement the ivories, golds, and bursts of blues in the design. A washed effect gives this rug a delicately aged appearance for an authentic old-world look. Serged sides. No fringe. Powerloomed of 100% cross-woven, inherently stain-resistant, heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 8'Diam. Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Rug pads recommended. Made in Egypt.

Sphinx Antique Persian 4' x 5'9 Rug by Oriental Weavers $199 Transform any room with the rich distinction of this traditional Sphinx Antique Persian rug by Oriental Weavers. Floral interpretations adorn the field and border with detailed designs, while an arbrash effect creates an enthralling display of alternating shades within the background color. Rich reds in the field and lush sages in the border complement the ivories, golds, and bursts of blues in the design. A washed effect gives this rug a delicately aged appearance for an authentic old-world look. Serged sides. No fringe. Powerloomed of 100% cross-woven, inherently stain-resistant, heat set polypropylene. Measures approximately 4" x 5'9". Vacuum as needed. Clean spots and spills promptly using mild soap and water. Rug pads recommended. Made in Egypt.

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GOA-IN THE SHADOWS OF ITS COLONIAL LEGACY

GOA-IN THE SHADOWS OF ITS COLONIAL LEGACY

By Sanjai Velayudhan

 

Introduction:

Located on the west coast in the Konkan region, Goa is the smallest state of India. It is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa was the first part of India that was colonized by Europeans and also the last to be liberated & is better known to the world as the former Portuguese enclave on Indian soil. In the past it was known as Govapuri, Gomant or Aprant. The Arab sailors knew it as Sindabur, or Sandabur, and the Portuguese as Goa. During the occupation of the Portuguese it acquired the epithets of the 'Rome of Asia' and 'Pearl of the Orient'. About 77 miles (125 KM) of the Goan coast line is dotted with beaches. These beaches are divided into North Goa and South Goa Beaches. Little wonder, it was also called the 'Goa Dourada' or 'Golden Goa' sands.

Though renowned in the world for its clean & safe beaches and rave parties, it also has a historical pedigree marked by its world heritage monuments, ancient worship house like temples, churches etc. With many tourists both national and international visiting it, predominantly for beach& party-tourism, many do take time out to check out its cultural & historical attractions. It is this combination of fun & culture that gives Goa its unique identity.

Brief History:

Though perceptionally Goa's glory has been associated with the Portuguese occupation, its grandeur predated the colonisers. Kings and other rulers from a host of Indian dynasties had made this little jewel glitter with royal pomp. In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names such as Gomanta, Gomanchala, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak. The Indian epic Mahabharata refers to the area now known as Goa, as Goparashtra or Govarashtra which means a nation of cowherds. Gopakapuri or Gopakapattanam were used in some ancient Sanskrit texts, and these names were also mentioned in other sacred Hindu texts such as the Harivansa and the Skanda Purana. In the latter, Goa is also known as Gomanchala. Parashurambhoomi is a name that the region is referred to in certain inscriptions and texts such as the Puranas. In the third century BCE, Goa was known as Aparantha, and is mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy. The Greeks referred to Goa as Nelkinda or Nelcynda in the 13th century. Some other historical names for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam.

This earliest reclamation of land in the region was by the Saraswat Brahmins. This incident also provides the basis of a very popular theory of origin of Goa. This community was called the Saraswats because their origins have been associated to the banks of the River Saraswati, a mythical river that predominantly existed in the minds of the inhabitants of India from the Vedic times. According to legends, this river Saraswati subsequently dried up causing large scale migration of this group of Brahmins to all corners of India. A group of ninety-six families, known today as Gaud Saraswats, settled along the Konkan coast in and around contemporary Goa somewhere around 1000 BC.  According to Hindu legends strongly prevalent in the South Indian region, Parashurama (the warrior-sage and an incarnation of God Vishnu) flung his axe into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his axe landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as “Konkan” meaning "piece of earth" or "corner of earth" (Kona (corner) + kana (piece)). This was done for settling these displaced people. The Saraswat Brahmins settled in three islands in the estuary of the Zuari and Mandovi rivers. The Mahabharata refers to Goa as Gomanta Kingdom or Goparashtra, "a nation of cowherds or of nomadic tribes". Brahmanas were predominantly pastoral people and their prized possession was cows.

Goa's recorded history stretches back to the third century BCE, when it formed part of the Mauryan Empire, ruled by the famous emperor Ashoka. He is famous for his eschewal of violence and conversion to Buddhism after witnessing bloodshed at the battle of Kalinga (now the modern state of Orissa) in 261 BC.

The region also ruled by ancient Hindu Dynasties of Satavahanas, Yadavas, Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, and Kadambas etc.  These rulers patronised Buddhism, Brahmanism, and Jainism etc. The Kadambas are credited with constructing the first settlement on the site of Old Goa in the middle of the 11th century. The Kadambas ruled Goa for two and half centuries until its conquest by Mahmud Gavan on behalf of his Bahmani master.

In the thirteenth century, the region came under the influence of the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate had its locus in Delhi and the northern region of India and thus their political control over Goa wasn’t strong enough. It may be apt to state that the mandate was snatched by the rulers of Vijayanagara Empire & Hindu rule was restored in Goa. The Vijayanagara rulers held their sway over Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbors that were important landing places for Arabian horses were expanded. The mighty Vijayanagara Empire was brought to its heels after being attacked by a Muslim confederacy. Its defeat in the battle of Talikota resulted in its total destruction and division of its wealth between the victors. Goa passed into the hands of the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. In 1492, the Bahmani Kingdom itself split into five kingdoms, namely Bidar, Berar, Ahmednagar, Golconda and Bijapur. One of the kingdoms namely Bijapur (which was the capital of the territory) included Goa and was ruled by Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah Khan.

The Portuguese:

 

The territory of Goa passed from Muslim rulers into the hands of the Portuguese in 1510 led by Albuquerque. Constantly being fought for an occupied, Goa was always prized territory due to its ports and active trade. It seems that Portuguese had a longer hold on it compared to other colonisers. Ironically, it was the Portuguese who gave Goa its name. Before they arrived on the scene, Goa, or Gove or Gowapura, was the name only of the port town near the mouth of the Mandovi River. This was also the same site on which the Portuguese later built their capital, today's Old Goa classically known as Velha Goa.

The beginnings of transformation of Goan politics began when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut, in present day Kerala in 1498. This discovery and the establishment of a new sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope gave an impetus to the Portuguese who wanted very much to exploit it to their advantage and profit from it. As a result of the discovery of the maritime route to India by da Gama, communications between Goa and Europe and other cities of India began to grow. The merchandise which Vasco da Gama took on his return journey fetched him sixty times the purchase price, after deducting the cost of the journey. This lucrative trade was captured from the Arabs by the Portuguese. Yet when trade compulsions won over political short-sightedness, exports from Goa had already widened to comprise black pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, Gujarati and Bengali cloth, Chinese furniture, wax, ginger and cloves. These were imported into Goa from other sources in the country and re-exported. Imports from Portugal included woolen and linen cloth, edible items, liquor, and arms and ammunition. On the other hand, its control of the seas and above all the lucrative spice trade made it a much-coveted prize for rival colonial powers.

The prosperity of Portugal and its traders could be assured only by the establishment of a permanent trading post. The inability of the Portuguese to do that along the Malabar Coast (controlled by the powerful Zamorin of Calicut) of India prompted them to try their luck northwards along the coast. In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at the behest of the local chieftain Thimayya. In 1510 under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque they laid siege upon Goa, then under Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur. On February 17th he entered the city of Goa for the first time and met little resistance as the Sultan was engaged with his forces elsewhere.  Sultan Adil Shah soon came after him with a vengeance and on May 23rd 1510 Alfonso de Albuquerque had to flee the city of Goa. Determined to win it for good, Alfonso de Albuquerque made another attempt a few months later. This time his timing could not have been more than perfect. Sultan Adil Shah had just died and the heir to the throne was the infant Ismail Adil Shah. Thus Goa was won by Albuquerque because he was at the right place at the right time.

The Portuguese set up a permanent base in Goa in their quest to control the spice trade now known as Velha Goa or old Goa. The former Secretariat building in Panaji is a former Adil Shahi palace, later taken over by the Portuguese Viceroys as their official residence. This was symbolic of the transfer of power. The territories of Ilhas, Salcette, Mormugao and Bardez formed part of the Portugal's "Velhas Conquestas" or Old Conquests, and formed only one fifth of the total area of modern Goa. By this time, Goa became the jewel of Portugal's eastern empire. Merchandise from all parts of the East was displayed in its bazaar, and separate streets were set aside for the sale of different classes of goods–Bahrain pearls and coral, Chinese porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece-goods, drugs and spices from the Malay Archipelago.

Goa also became the base for Albuquerque's conquest of Malacca (1511) and Hormuz (1515). Albuquerque intended it to be a colony and a naval base, as distinct from the fortified factories established in certain Indian seaports. Goa was made capital of the Portuguese Vice-Kingdom in Asia, and the other Portuguese possessions in India, Malacca and other bases in Indonesia, East Timor, the Persian Gulf, Macau in China and trade bases in Japan were under the suzerainty of its Viceroy. By mid-16th century, the area under occupation had expanded to most of present-day limits.

In 1843 the capital was moved to Panjim from Velha Goa. After India gained independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to negotiate with India on the transfer of sovereignty of their Indian enclaves. On 12 December 1961, the Indian army commenced with Operation Vijay resulting in the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu into the Indian union. Goa, along with Daman and Diu was made into a centrally administered Union Territory of India. On 30 May 1987, the Union Territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining Union Territories.

The architecture of Goa is a combination of Indian, Mughal and Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese ruled for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Fantastic Italian architecture typically renaissance modeled on architectural details from the churches circled the city's skyline. The Portuguese influence and local strains have also created a cultural mix which is different from the rest of India. Western and regional cultural mixing has resulted in a unique blend of different religions and cultures in the State. The festival of music and dance Shigmo Mel signifies unity in diversity. Besides Shigmo, festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi (Chavoth-Konkani), Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Samsar Padvo, and the Carnival are also celebrated in by the people of Goa. Goa is also known for its New Year's celebrations. The Goan Carnival is known to attract a large number of tourists. As a legacy of its unusual colonial history Goa has also inherited a mixture of languages. Portuguese is still spoken as a second language by a few Goans, although it is gradually dying out.  Konkani is now accepted as the official language of the state and Marathi is also taught as a standard subject. To conclude, Goa is much more than its beaches. A true tourist should explore its history as well in order to enjoy-shaken but not stirred!

© Sanjai velayudhan

The author would like your responses-both brickbats and bouquets. Write to him-sanjai.velayudhan@gmail.com.

About the Author

A behavioural trainer by education and a loyalty specialist by profession, Sanjai has PG qualifications in Training and Performance management from CLMS, University of Leicester.

Sanjai is a compulsive writer and has recently chosen articlebase to put his thoughts together. He also writes papers on loyalty programmes and the psychology behind it. To read some his papers, please visit:

http://www.itcinfotech.com/Loyalty-Solutions/Home.html.

Watch his talk-www.24framesdigital.com/winningedge/260608 or simply google him "sanjai velayudhan"
He is currently working on many articles for exclusive publication on artclebase.

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